{
  "annotation_id": "42b3b8cb-d99a-41cb-9cfe-346a45968958",
  "date_created": "2026-02-17T05:53:20.217000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-02-17T05:53:20.217000Z",
  "file_hash": "261232890a03ee2bfc0ecefc9fccba902d97f81d320247a8a7ca3de21bbcdf6a",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Adiabatic invariants are fundamental to plasma physics but are often treated as purely theoretical concepts in undergraduate courses due to the difficulty of experimentally demonstrating them. This paper presents a pedagogical experiment to visualize and quantitatively verify the conservation of the magnetic moment ($\\mu$) and the longitudinal invariant ($J$) using a standard educational electron charge-to-mass ratio apparatus configured as a magnetic bottle. By analyzing long-exposure photographs of the electron beam trajectory, we reconstructed the helical motion and calculated the invariants under different magnetic field configurations. Our results verify the conservation of the longitudinal invariant ($J$) with a ratio of 0.98 between configurations. The magnetic moment ($\\mu$) exhibited a coefficient of variation of approximately 7\\%, a deviation consistent with the presence of collisional effects in the tube. These findings demonstrate that complex plasma dynamics can be effectively studied using accessible laboratory equipment, providing a valuable bridge between theory and experiment for physics students.",
    "arxiv_id": "2601.09189",
    "authors": [
      "Juan Carlos Agurto",
      "Felipe Darmazo",
      "Amanda Guerra",
      "Erick Burgos-Parra"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "physics.ed-ph",
      "physics.plasm-ph"
    ],
    "license": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "title": "Experimental verification of the conservation of the magnetic moment and the longitudinal invariant",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09189",
    "version": "v1"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "549f9f71-23e2-4945-9327-76b958ed93a9",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-01-17",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}