{
  "annotation_id": "81858c8a-e0ae-4149-bd2c-6b7f73fe42b7",
  "date_created": "2026-02-17T05:53:08.673000Z",
  "date_modified": "2026-02-17T05:53:08.673000Z",
  "file_hash": "4fae85196c700e78e3eaa499ae6e77a33d35e671849360bf5a34fe02778bc568",
  "private": false,
  "record": {
    "abstract": "Three leading models have been put forth to justify the observed radio re-brightening associated with stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe) years post-explosion: radiation from an emerging pulsar wind nebula (PWN), shock interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (CSM), or emission from off-axis, relativistic jets. SN~2012au is a particularly intriguing SESN in this regard as observations obtained $\\gtrsim$ 6 years post-explosion have shown \\emph{both} (i) optical emission features consistent with a young PWN and (ii) a radio re-brightening. We present the results of our Very-Long-Baseline-Interferometric (VLBI) observations of SN 2012au performed between 8 to 13 years post core-collapse. Our VLBI observations reveal a luminous, steadily fading radio source that remains compact ($\\leq1.4\\times10^{17}~\\mathrm{cm}$) and stationary ($\\leq0.36c$) over the course of our campaign. Overall, we find that our VLBI measurements can be readily explained by a $\\sim$decade-old PWN, potentially explained by shock interaction with specific CSM geometries, and are unlikely to be explained by emission from an off-axis, relativistic jet. Assuming a PWN origin, our observations require that the initial spin-down luminosity of the central pulsar be between $10^{36}~\\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}\\leq\\dot{E}_0\\leq10^{42}~\\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}$ and radio efficiency factor be $\\eta_\\mathrm{R}\\geq3\\times10^{-6}$. These results are consistent with independent inferences obtained using optical spectroscopy of SN~2012au, alongside inferences of known Galactic systems. If a PWN origin is confirmed, SN 2012au would represent the first extragalactic PWN emerging from a modern day SN, providing a novel opportunity to study the formation properties of a decade-old pulsar.",
    "arxiv_id": "2601.06278",
    "authors": [
      "Mattias Lazda",
      "Kenzie Nimmo",
      "Maria R. Drout",
      "Benito Marcote",
      "Jason W. T. Hessels",
      "Eli Wiston",
      "Raffaella Margutti",
      "Omar Ould-Boukattine",
      "Tanmoy Laskar",
      "Jacco Vink",
      "Ryan Chornock",
      "James K. Leung",
      "Deanne L. Coppejans",
      "Dan Milisavljevic",
      "Juan Mena-Parra",
      "Dan Patnaude"
    ],
    "categories": [
      "astro-ph.HE",
      "astro-ph.SR"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "title": "VLBI Observations of SN 2012au Reveal a Compact Radio Source a Decade Post Explosion",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06278",
    "version": "v1"
  },
  "schema_id": "dorsal/arxiv",
  "source": {
    "execution_id": "c8ef2d4d-82de-4df0-9251-84bbc497fd41",
    "id": "arXiv Dataset",
    "type": "Model",
    "variant": "snapshot-2026-01-17",
    "version": "0.1.0"
  },
  "user_id": 1000002
}